A. In a steam system, the boiler is not sized according to the calculated heat loss of the building. Instead, it must be sized according to the number of square feet of installed radiation. Tables that give the equivalent square feet of radiation are available for most old radiators from the Hydronics Institute (P.O. Box 219, Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922; 908/464-8200). A new radiator should include that size in the specs. Steam boilers normally carry a specification plate that gives the number of square feet of radiation the boiler can supply.

If the boiler is sized according to the calculated heat load, it will not supply enough steam to reach the far end of the system without condensing first, and the system will never work properly. This is a common problem when conversion burners (gas or oil) are installed in old coal-fired boilers. The burner must be large enough to generate the same amount of steam as the coal-fired unit, and that is often two or three times as large as the burner size derived from the calculated heat loss. A steam system which is underfired can have an efficiency approaching zero, regardless of the reported efficiency of the boiler.

If the house has a two-pipe steam system, as opposed to a one-pipe system, it can be converted to a pumped hot water (hydronic) system with minor changes in the piping (removing the steam traps and the Hartford loop). You can then use the same radiators. The hydronic systems will produce a more even heat, especially if the system temperature is controlled to match outdoor temperatures. By contrast, a steam radiator is either on or off. For more information on converting steam systems to hydronic, contact the Hydronics Institute.